Point Estimation and Confidence Interval for Population Proportion Under Triple Sampling Scheme

This thesis will focus on both point and confidence interval estimations for population proportions under a triple sampling scheme when the population following a binomial distribution. On the basis of introducing and reviewing methodologies for both single and double sampling schemes, this paper will explore how a triple sampling machinery works for the estimating process under a binomial distribution. The later part of this paper renders algorithms and simulation results for both double and triple sampling estimations, to evaluate the performance of this newly developed methodology

Sampling Triples from Restricted Networks Using MCMC Strategy

In large networks, the connected triples are useful for solving various tasks including link prediction, community detection, and spam filtering. Existing works in this direction concern mostly with the exact or approximate counting of connected triples that are closed (aka, triangles). Evidently, the task of triple sampling has not been explored in depth, although sampling is a more fundamental task than counting, and the former is useful for solving various other tasks, including counting. In recent years, some works on triple sampling have been proposed that are based on direct sampling, solely for the purpose of triangle count approximation. They sample only from a uniform distribution, and are not effective for sampling triples from an arbitrary user-defined distribution. In this work we present two indirect triple sampling methods that are based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling strategy. Both of the above methods are highly efficient compared to a direct sampling-based method, specifically for the task of sampling from a non-uniform probability distribution. Another significant advantage of the proposed methods is that they can sample triples from networks that have restricted access, on which a direct sampling based method is simply not applicable

3중 샘플링 방식 델타-시그마 ADC를 이용한 디지털 Capacitive MEMS 마이크로폰

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 전기·정보공학부, 2022. 8. 김수환.본 논문에서는 트리플 샘플링 적분기를 사용한 Capacitive 방식의 MEMS 마이크로폰이 제시되었다. 트리플 샘플링은 델타-시그마 방식의 아날로그-디지털 변환기의 첫 번째 적분기에 사용되었고 크게 두 가지의 동작으로 구분된다. 첫 번째로 적분기의 입력에서 반주기 지연 차동 입력을 빼서 신호 크기를 2배로 만들는 방식. 두 번째로 DAC의 피드백 커패시터를 샘플링 커패시터로 사용하여 입력 전압을 추가로 증가시키는 방식이다. 추가적으로 기존에서 샘플링 커패시터를 증가시켜 신호의 크기를 증폭시키는 방식과 결합하여 실수배의 이득을 얻을 수 있다. 또한 추가적인 커패시터, 타이밍, 전류 소모 없이 구조 변경만으로 이를 달성하였기 때문에 별다른 trade-off 없이 신호의 크기를 증폭시킬 수 있었다. 추가적으로 트리플 샘플링 방식의 적분기 신호 전달 함수 및 잡음 분석 또한 포함하였다. 우리의 readout 회로는 공급 전압이 1.8V인 0.18 m CMOS 공정으로 구현하였고 single-ended capacitive MEMS 트랜스듀서를 사용하여 측정하였다. 전류 소모량은 520 μA 이다. 마이크로폰은 A-weighted 신호 대 잡음 비는 62.1 dBA, 음향 과부하 지점은 115 dB SPL을 달성하였고 칩의 die size는 0.98〖"mm" 〗^2 이다.A triple-sampling ΔΣ ADC can replace the programmable-gain amplifier commonly used in the readout circuit for a digital capacitive MEMS microphone. The input voltage can then be multiplied by subtracting a further half-period delayed differential input and using the feedback capacitor of the DAC as a sampling capacitor. This triple-sampling technique results in a readout circuit with sensitivity and noise performance comparable to recent designs, but with a reduced power requirement. CMRR improvement is achieved by subtracting differential inputs and superior noise performance compare to conventional structure, as amplifier noise and DAC kT/C noise is not amplified by triple-sampling structure while the signal is increased by its gain. Triple-sampling also can be operated as a single-to-differential circuit. A MEMS microphone incorporating this readout circuit, fabricated in a 0.18μm CMOS process, achieved an A-weighted SNR of 62.1 dBA at 94 dB SPL with 520 μA current consumption, to which triple-sampling was shown to contribute 4.5 dBA.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 MOTIVATION 1 1.1.1 MEMS MICROPHONE TRENDS 1 1.1.2 TYPE OF MEMS MICROPHONES 4 1.1.3 PREVIOUS WORKS 7 1.2 MEMS MICROPHONE BASIC TERMS 9 1.3 THESIS ORGANIZATION 12 CHAPTER 2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW 13 2.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 13 CHAPTER 3 INTERFACE CIRCUITS AND POWER MANAGEMENT CIRCUITS 16 3.1 PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL SOURCE FOLLOWER 17 3.2 CHARGE PUMP 19 3.3 LOW DROPOUT REGULATOR 22 3.3.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF LOW DROPOUT REGULATOR 22 3.3.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF LOW DROPOUT REGULATOR 26 CHAPTER 4 TRIPLE-SAMPLING DELTA-SIGMA ADC 31 4.1 BASIC OF DELTA-SIGMA ADC 31 4.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF TRIPLE-SAMPLING DELTA-SIGMA MODULATOR 37 4.2.1 CONVENTIONAL 1ST INTEGRATOR STRUCTURE 37 4.2.2 CROSS-SAMPLING 1ST INTEGRATOR 40 4.2.3 TRIPLE-SAMPLING 1ST INTEGRATOR 43 4.2.4 STF ANALYSIS OF TRIPLE-SAMPLING 1ST INTEGRATOR 47 4.2.5 THERMAL NOISE ANALYSIS OF TRIPLE-SAMPLING 1ST INTEGRATOR 51 4.2 CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION OF DELTA-SIGMA ADC 57 CHAPTER 5 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 64 5.1 MEASUREMENT ENVIRONMENT 64 5.2 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 67 5.3 PERFORMANCE SUMMARY 72 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 74 BIBLIOGRAPHY 76 한글초록 79박

ANALYSIS TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE AND FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE: DISCLOSURES IN SHARIA COMPANIES IN INDONESIA COUNTRIES

Triple battom line”is a corporate report disclosure concept. One of the instruments used in company report disclosures involves corporate social environmental responsibility. Then the purpose of this study”is to reveal corporate social responsibility”such as Company Size, Profitability, Leverage, Share Ownership, and Liquidity that can influence the Triple Battom Line disclosure in sharia companies listed in”the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) for the 2015-2018 period. This type of research is quantitative”research. Sampling using a proposive sampling method with sampling based on certain criteria, to obtain samples in this study were 10 companies registered in the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) from 2015-2018. The data used is secondary data from the company's annual financial statement data from 2015-2018.”The data analysis technique uses multiple linear regression. As for the results of the study, it shows that partially”company size, profitability and leverage variables affect the disclosure of Triple Battom Line on companies listed in JII for the period of 2015-2018. While the share ownership and liquidity variables do not affect the disclosure of Triple Battom Line for companies listed in JII for the period of 2015-2018. The simultaneous variables of company size, liquidity, leverage, share ownership and liquidity affect the Triple Battom Line disclosure in companies listed on JII for the period 2015-2018. For the results of the test of the coefficient of determination (R square) variable company size, profitability, leverage, share ownership and liquidity can affect the Triple Battom Line disclosure in companies listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) for the 2015-2018 period of 86.3%.” Keywords: Triple Battom Line, Company Size, Profitability, Leverage, Share Ownership, Liquidity

Multirate cascaded discrete-time low-pass ΔΣ modulator for GSM/Bluetooth/UMTS

This paper shows that multirate processing in a cascaded discrete-time ΔΣ modulator allows to reduce the power consumption by up to 35%. Multirate processing is possible in a discrete-time ΔΣ modulator by its adaptibility with the sampling frequency. The power reduction can be achieved by relaxing the sampling speed of the first stage and increasing it appropriately in the second stage. Furthermore, a cascaded ΔΣ modulator enables the power efficient implementation of multiple communication standards.@The advantages of multirate cascaded ΔΣ modulators are demonstrated by comparing the performance of single-rate and multirate implementations using behavioral-level and circuit-level simulations. This analysis has been further validated with the design of a multirate cascaded triple-mode discrete-time ΔΣ modulator. A 2-1 multirate low-pass cascade, with a sampling frequency of 80 MHz in the first stage and 320 MHz in the second stage, meets the requirements for UMTS. The first stage alone is suitable for digitizing Bluetooth and GSM with a sampling frequency of 90 and 50 MHz respectively. This multimode ΔΣ modulator is implemented in a 1.2 V 90 nm CMOS technology with a core area of 0.076 mm2. Measurement results show a dynamic range of 66/77/85 dB for UMTS/ Bluetooth/GSM with a power consumption of 6.8/3.7/3.4 mW. This results in an energy per conversion step of 1.2/0.74/2.86 pJ

Novel ionization reagent for the measurement of gas-phase ammonia and amines using a stand-alone atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) source.

RationaleContaminants present in ambient air or in sampling lines can interfere with the target analysis through overlapping peaks or causing a high background. This study presents a positive outcome from the unexpected presence of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, released from a PALL HEPA filter, in the analysis of atmospherically relevant gas-phase amines using chemical ionization mass spectrometry.MethodsGas-phase measurements were performed using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a modified atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) source which allows sampling of the headspace above pure amine standards. Gas-phase N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) emitted from a PALL HEPA filter located in the inlet stream served as the ionizing agent.ResultsThis study demonstrates that some alkylamines efficiently form a [NMP + amine+H]+ cluster with NMP upon chemical ionization at atmospheric pressure. The extent of cluster formation depends largely on the proton affinity of the amine compared with that of NMP. Aromatic amines (aniline, pyridine) and diamines (putrescine) were shown not to form cluster ions with NMP.ConclusionsThe use of NMP as an ionizing agent with stand-alone APGC provided high sensitivity for ammonia and the smaller amines. The main advantages, in addition to sensitivity, are direct sampling into the APGC source and avoiding uptake on sampling lines which can be a significant problem with ammonia and amines

Pengaruh Permainan Tradisional Terhadap Hasil Lompat Jangkit Siswa XI Ips2 Sman 6 Pontianak

The problem is there any research on the influence of the traditionalgame triple jump results XI IPS 2 students of SMAN 6 Pontianak. The purpose ofthe study the influence of the traditional game against the triple jump results XIIPS 2 students of SMAN 6 Pontianak. The method used is an experimentalmethod to form a pre-experimental design. Population class XI students of SMAN6 students Pontianak 120. Sampling is purposive sampling technique that is classXI IPS2 SMAN 6 Pontianak, amounting to 28 students. Data analysis wasperformed using t-test analysis. The results of the initial test average 15.54 and anaverage final test 17.68, an increase of 2.11. The results of the t-test t-test valueof 9.899 is greater than the value of 2.052 ttable, influences of traditional gamesagainst triple jump results XI IPS 2 students of SMAN 6 Pontianak significant.The percentage increase amounts to 13.77%

Robustness of Triple Sampling Inference Procedures to Underlying Distributions

In this study, the sensitivity of the sequential normal-based triple sampling procedure for estimatingthe population mean to departures from normality is discussed. We assume only that the underlyingpopulation has finite but unknown first six moments. Two main inferential methodologies areconsidered. First point estimation of the unknown population mean is investigated where a squarederror loss function with linear sampling cost is assumed to control the risk of estimating the unknownpopulation mean by the corresponding sample measure. We find that the behaviour of the estimatorsand of the sample size depends asymptotically on both the skewness and kurtosis of the underlyingdistribution and we quantify this dependence. Moreover, the asymptotic regret of using the triplesampling inference instead of the fixed sample size approach, had the nuisance parameter beenknown, is a finite but non-vanishing quantity that depends on the kurtosis of the underlyingdistribution. We also supplement our findings with a simulation experiment to study the performanceof the estimators and the sample size in a range of conditions and compare the asymptotic and finitesample results. The second part of the thesis deals with constructing a triple sampling fixed widthconfidence interval for the unknown population mean with a prescribed width and coverage whileprotecting the interval against Type II error. An account is given of the sensitivity of the normal-basedtriple sampling sequential confidence interval for the population when the first six moments areassumed to exist but are unknown. First, triple sampling sequential confidence intervals for the meanare constructed using Hall’s (1981) methodology. Hence asymptotic characteristics of the constructedinterval are discussed and justified. Then an asymptotic second order approximation of a continuouslydifferentiable and bounded function of the stopping time is given to calculate both asymptoticcoverage based on a second order Edgeworth asymptotic expansion and the Type II error probability.The impact of several parameters on the Type II error probability is explored for various continuousdistributions. Finally, a simulation experiment is performed to investigate the methods in finite samplecases and to compare the finite sample and asymptotic results